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ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À̹ÎÀÚ ºÒ±³¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °³Á¾ ºÒ±³µµµéÀº 'ÀÌ»ñÁü ºÒ±³(Baggage Buddhism)' ¶Ç´Â 'º¸µû¸® ºÒ±³'¶ó°í Æò°¡ÀýÇÏÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀڽŵéÀÇ ºÒ±³´Â Áö¼ºÀûÀÌ¸ç ±âºÎ¿Í »çȸÂü¿©¿¡ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ »õ·Î¿î ºÒ±³¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹Ì±¹½Ä ºÒ±³´Â °úÇаú ÀÇÇÐ µî Çй® ¿µ¿ªÀ» È®ÀåÇØ ½É¸®Çаú ½É¸®Ä¡·á¿¡ Æø³Ð°Ô È°¿ëÇÏ°í ±â¾÷ ¸®´õ½Ê ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡µµ Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â µî ±× ÆøÀ» ³ÐÇô°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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¹Ì±¹½Ä ºÒ±³ÀÇ È帧ÀÌ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ¿¤¸®Æ® ÁöÇâÀûÀÌ°í ¼­±¸Àû ÇÕ¸®¼ºÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â ´ÜÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¼¼°è ºÒ±³°èÀÇ È帧À» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ °ü½ÉÀ» ²ø°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϺο¡¼­´Â ¹Ì±¹ ¹éÀÎ ºÒ±³°¡ À̹ÎÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÌ»ñÁü ºÒ±³ ½Ã´ë, ½ºÁîÅ° ´ÙÀ̼¼Ã÷¡¤¼þ»ê½º´Ô¡¤´Þ¶óÀ̶󸶡¤Æ½³´ÇÑ ½º´Ô µî °í½ÂµéÀÌ ¹Ì±¹À» ¹æ¹®ÇØ Æ÷±³ÇÏ´Â ¼öÃâ ºÒ±³ ½Ã´ë(Export Buddhism)¸¦ ³Ñ¾î, ¸¹Àº ¼öÇàÀÚµéÀÌ Çѱ¹¡¤ÀϺ»¡¤¹Ì¾á¸¶¡¤Àεµ ´Ù¶÷»ì¶ó µîÀ» Á÷Á¢ ã¾Æ°¡ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¼öÀÔ ºÒ±³ ½Ã´ë(Import Buddhism)¿¡ Á¢¾îµé¾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

Çѱ¹ ºÒ±³ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­µµ ÀÇ»ó¡¤Ã¼°ü °°Àº À¯ÇнµéÀÌ Çѱ¹ ºÒ±³ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î Àü±â¸¦ °³Ã´ÇßµíÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ ºÒ±³µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ ½ÃÁ¡¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¹Ì±¹½Ä ºÒ±³°¡ ¾î¶² ½ÄÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÒÁö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸ Áö±Ýó·³ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÁøÈ­¡¤¹ßÀüÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ºÒ±³¡¤ÈùµÎ±³ µî µ¿¾ç Á¾±³ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº ´º¿¡ÀÌÁö À½¾ÇÀÌ ¿ª¼öÀÔµÇ¾î ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ Å« Àα⸦ ´©¸®´Â °Íó·³, ¹Ì±¹ ºÒ±³ÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ Ä¿Áö¸é ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¾î´À ³¯ ¹Ì±¹ ºÒ±³°¡ ¼öÀÔµÇ¾î ¹Ì±¹½Ä ¼±¹æÀ̳ª ¸í»ó ¼¾ÅÍ°¡ µµ½É¿¡ ÀÚ¸® Àâ°í ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÑ Çѱ¹ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÇ ¸¶À½À» »ç·ÎÀâÀ» ³¯ÀÌ ¿ÃÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â ¿¹°¨ÀÌ µç´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ºÒ±³¿¡ °ü½É °¡Áú ¶§°¡ µÆ´Ù.
 
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Meditation calms mind, helps heal body

ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH 10/02/2006

Jim McLaughlin has lived his life as a practical man. He's a business consultant who served 10 years in the U.S. Navy, has never used illegal drugs, has been married 32 years and has two children, both professionals.

Buddhist meditation wasn't on his radar when he started trying to tame some of the chaos in his mind. But in his late 50s, he was diagnosed with attention-deficit disorder.

"I've had it all my life. I just never realized it," he says. "It's why I needed to flit like a butterfly from thing to thing to thing.

"I needed something to quiet all those voices in my head. I was having problems keeping my business going. There were feelings of unworthiness ¡¦"

Three years ago, he heard a scientist, Daniel Goleman, on a public radio talk show discussing a practice called mindfulness meditation. He spoke not in religious terms, but like a scientist talking about a new discovery. McLaughlin read Goleman's book "Destructive Emotions" and decided to try meditation.

Today, three years after joining the St. Louis Insight Meditation Group, Goleman says meditation has changed his life. He practices meditation about 30 minutes a day, four to five days a week.

"It's not a religion," he says. "I'm Episcopalian and have no reason to change my belief in Jesus Christ. I just wanted to control the noise in my head."

Modern meditation

Meditation, the practice of controlling your focus to feel better, has been a mystic art since before recorded history. Every culture in the world has practiced some form of meditation and still does.

But in the past 40 years, meditation has inched its way into Western mainstream health care, and for good reason.

Research shows that it counteracts chronic stress, a condition many scientists believe underlies most illnesses. Federally supported studies are looking into meditation as a means to improve heart health, relieve symptoms of diseases and improve the brain's long- and short-term health.

The National Centers for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), a division of the National Institutes of Health, reports that more than 15.3 million people practiced some form of meditation in 2002 as a means to ease some form of illness. Others practice for simple relaxation.

And that number is rising.

The reason is simple, says Stephen Bodian, author of "Meditation for Dummies," a bestseller in its second edition. Meditation helps people who feel bad to feel good, and people who feel good to feel better.

"The goal is happiness," Bodian says. "What kind of a therapeutic effect does happiness have? Isn't that what we go to therapy for? Happiness is the ultimate cure."

Bodian points to research showing that meditation can change the brain for the better. That includes increasing the emotional set point -- that natural mood that people wrestle with all of their lives. Some people are naturally down; some are naturally up. Meditation can improve that permanently, Bodian says.

Well-being brought on by meditation, he adds, is shown to lower blood pressure, improve the immune system and promote intense relaxation.

The science

The most telling research comes from the Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Behavior in Wisconsin. A team led by neuroscientist Richard Davidson performed brain scans on a master meditator and found that his brain activity surpassed that of a professional athlete during intense competition.

While scientists still don't know exactly how meditation works, the research shows that it does work and can change the brain for the better.

For one thing, meditation appears to generate a biochemical anti-stress reaction that counteracts the biochemical stress reaction.

During meditation, the body produces nitric oxide, the chemical used by pharmaceutical companies to lower blood pressure. (That's not to be confused with nitrous oxide, which dentists use as an anesthetic or revelers use to liven up parties.) Nitric oxide lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels to take pressure off the heart.

"That's been shown ¡¦ that when you meditate, or do yoga or tai chi or other methods, they actually reduce the blood pressure," says Jeffrey Dusek, a psychobiologist who teaches at Harvard Medical School and an associate research director at the Mind/Body Institute in Chestnut Hill, Mass.

"Meditation, relaxation response training, may be doing the same thing the pharmaceuticals are doing, changing the body's capacity to release nitric oxide. So we think we're onto the biological mechanism of how (meditation) is working."

NCCAM-sponsored research recognizes two major forms of meditation -- mindfulness meditation, in which one focuses by becoming aware of the moment, and Transcendental Meditation, in which a mantra is repeated.

Which form to use is a matter of choice, Dusek says. Researchers found no vast difference between the results of mindfulness or TM.

"But it's something everyone should do over their lives," he says.

The human stress reaction evolved to help our caveman ancestors survive life-threatening situations. Nowadays, modern people react to administrative stress the same way they did to toothy, four-legged predators.

"In our day, the mind is perceiving threats where there

aren't any," says Bridget Rolens, who teaches mindfulness meditation with the St. Louis Insight Meditation Group. "So the mind perceives the way my supervisor acts as a threat to my security.

"My body tenses up. But fighting or fleeing doesn't get rid of my boss's personality, so the threat is never gone. We end up with chronic stress, and chronic stress is a factor in (numerous diseases)."

The mainstream

Ryan Niemiec, a clinical psychologist and behavioral health consultant with the St. Louis Behavioral Medicine Institute, uses mindfulness meditation in his practice. He also works with physicians to help integrate meditation into their treatments.

"Since mindfulness is about bringing one's awareness to your present experiences -- sensations, thoughts, emotions, health and health habits -- it brings an approach for people working with themselves, becoming more aware of problems occurring in the body or in the mind," he says.

Mindfulness first teaches them how much they're not paying attention to, he says.

"Become aware of the opposite first, become aware of ¡¦ what some practitioners call automatic pilot, to go through the motions of life, where we move like automatons, not aware of what's going on," he says.

"Then show people they can make a shift in whatever they're doing -- driving, eating, talking, eating, getting ready for sleep -- if they can bring their attention fully into the moment with the sensory experience, with their thoughts, with their feelings, so they can be wherever they are.

"It's all about being rather than doing."

¢Ã By Harry Jackson Jr. hjaxson@post-dispatch.com

[Source] ST. LOUIS POST http://www.stltoday.com/ 10/02/2006





American Buddhism on the rise

The Dalai Lama's visit spotlights the fact that,
with 1.5 million adherents,
Buddhism is America's fourth-largest religion.



GROUP FOCUS: Senior Student Julie Forsythe leads members of the Dzogchen Center in Cambridge, Mass., in their monthly 'Meditation on Love and Compassion.' JASON BEAN

CAMBRIDGE, MASS. – That genial face has become familiar across the globe - almost as recognizable when it comes to religious leaders, perhaps, as Pope John Paul II. When in America, the Dalai Lama is a sought-after speaker, sharing his compassionate message and engaging aura well beyond the Buddhist community. After inaugurating a new Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education in Vancouver, B.C., the Tibetan leader this week begins a visit to several US cities for public talks, sessions with young peacemakers, scientists, university faculty, corporate executives, and a California women's conference. But he'll also sit down for teach-ins among the burgeoning American faithful.

¡â CALM: Participants join in meditation at the Cambridge sangha. Buddhism arrived in the United States in the 1800s. JASON BEAN
Buddhism is growing apace in the United States, and an identifiably American Buddhism is emerging. Teaching centers and sanghas (communities of people who practice together) are spreading here as American-born leaders reframe ancient principles in contemporary Western terms.

Though the religion born in India has been in the US since the 19th century, the number of adherents rose by 170 percent between 1990 and 2000, according to the American Religious Identity Survey. An ARIS estimate puts the total in 2004 at 1.5 million, while others have estimated twice that. "The 1.5 million is a low reasonable number," says Richard Seager, author of "Buddhism in America."

That makes Buddhism the country's fourth-largest religion, after Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Immigrants from Asia probably account for two-thirds of the total, and converts about one-third, says Dr. Seager, a professor of religious studies at Hamilton College, in Clinton, N.Y.

What is drawing people (after that fascination with Zen Buddhism in the '50s and '60s)? The Dalai Lama himself has played a role, some say, and Buddhism's nonmissionizing approach fits well with Americans' search for meaningful spiritual paths.

"People feel that Buddhist figures like the Dalai Lama and Thich Nhat Hanh of Vietnam are contributing something, not trying to convert people," says Lama Surya Das, a highly trained American lama in the Tibetan tradition. "They are not building big temples, but offering wisdom and ways of reconciliation and peacemaking, which are so much needed."

Even a larger factor, he suggests, is that Buddhism offers spiritual practices that Western religions haven't emphasized.

"People are looking for experiential practices, not just a new belief system or a new set of ethical rules which we already have, and are much the same in all religions," Surya Das says. "It's the transformative practices like meditation which people are really attracted to."

At a sangha "sitting" in Cambridge, Mass., last week, some 20 devotees sat cross-legged on four rows of large burgundy-colored cushions before a small candlelit altar. A practice leader led a quiet hour of meditation interspersed with the chanting of prayers and mantras. The group then gathered in a circle for a half hour of discussion.

Carol Marsh, an architect who served as practice leader for the evening, had an interest in finding a spiritual path for years, but was "resistant to anything nonrationalist," she says afterward in an interview. "Then I read 'Awakening the Buddha Within,' [Surya Das's first book on 'Tibetan wisdom for the Western world'], and it spoke to me directly.... My ultimate aim is liberation."

After eight years of practicing, "I am happier, more grateful, more able to roll with whatever punches or moments of annoyance may present themselves," Ms. Marsh says.

What's so valuable to Jane Moss, who's been practicing 15 years, is learning how "to be in the present moment." And also to accept that reality involves perfection and "to view the world as good and people as basically loving." Each month, the group holds a meditation focused on love and compassion.

The sangha has been meeting since 1991, when Surya Das opened the Dzogchen Center here after decades of training with Tibetan teachers. Before becoming a lama, he was Jeffrey Miller, raised in a middle-class Jewish family in Brooklyn. An anti-Vietnam-War activist while at the University of Buffalo (N.Y.), he was stunned when his good friend Allison Krause was shot and killed by the National Guard at Kent State in 1970.

"When I graduated in 1972, I was disillusioned with radical politics - I realized fighting for peace was a contradiction in terms, and I wanted to find inner peace," he explains. Instead of graduate school, the young Miller headed off on a search that ended up in the Himalayas, where he spent the rest of the '70s and '80s learning from Buddhist teachers while teaching some of them English.

There were plenty of struggles and moments of doubt, but also illumination, he says. Following a centuries-old path to cultivate awareness, his training included two three-year retreats of intensely focused practice.

"One of the great lessons of that monastic brotherhood was learning to love even those people I didn't like," he says, speaking by phone from a retreat in Texas where he's training others.

There are many schools of Buddhism, but "everyone agrees that the purpose is the individual and collective realization of Enlightenment," Surya Das continues. "That is defined as nirvanic peace, wisdom, and selfless love. It involves a practice path that depends on meditation, ethical behavior, and developing insight and active love."

¡â LEADERS: Lama Surya Das (left) is one of the foremost Western Buddhist meditation teachers. The Dalai Lama (right) of Tibet is currently on tour in North America. WWW.SURYA.ORG; RICHARD LAM/AP
Buddha means "awakened" in Sanskrit, a language of ancient India, where Siddhartha Gautama founded the faith and an Eightfold Path some 2,500 years ago. Buddhists believe that through that path one awakens to what already is - "the natural great perfection." They do not speak of God, but of the human or ego mind with a small "m," and the Buddha (awakened) Mind with a big "m."

"Healing energy takes place through an agency far greater than, yet immanent in each of us," Surya Das has written. "We are all Buddhas."

One doesn't have to subscribe to a catechism or creed, or be a vegetarian. Nor do people have to give up their religion. That's why some Americans speak of being Jewish Buddhists, for instance.

The Dalai Lama, in fact, often encourages people to stay with the faith of their cultural upbringing, to avoid the confusion that can sometimes result from a mixing of Eastern and Western perspectives.

Yet others are going more fully into Buddhist study, particularly as the writings and training by American-born teachers increase its accessibility.

The Dzogchen Center (Dzogchen means "the innate great completeness"), which has sanghas in several states, teaches an advanced Tibetan practice; annually, it offers numerous retreats, from one-day to two-week gatherings. Surya Das - whose Tibetan teacher gave him his name, which means "follower or disciple of the light" - is the spiritual director.

Thirty devotees are currently cloistered in a 100-day retreat for advanced students at the Dzogchen retreat center outside Austin, Texas. They are in the third of a 12-year cycle of silent retreats - which will likely produce new teachers.

Several Tibetan teachers helped introduce Buddhism in the US, and one, Chogyam Trungpa, founded Naropa University in Boulder, Colo. But the teacher succumbed to excesses that tempt clergy of various faiths - alcoholism and sexual misconduct.

The Dalai Lama has warned, too, of some teachers who seek leadership for financial rather than spiritual reasons. The issue of students and teachers is today one of the most controversial in transmission of teaching from East to West, says Surya Das.

Still, a healthy American Buddhism with its own characteristics is emerging. It is less doctrinal and ritualistic than in the East and more meditation oriented, less hierarchical and more democratic and egalitarian. It is more lay-oriented than monastic, and more socially and ecologically engaged.

Perhaps most noticeably, "the role of women as leaders and teachers is very significant here," Seager says.

The Dalai Lama speaks of Buddhism naturally taking new forms in each culture. As he travels the globe, he also emphasizes building bridges between faiths, as well as finding nonviolent means for resolving differences. This weekend, the Nobel Peace Laureate will spend time with youths in Denver engaged in conflict-resolution projects. He'll bless the Great Stupa, the largest example of Buddhist sacred architecture in the US, located at Colorado's Shambhala Mountain Center.

Next week he'll speak to 20,000 at a football stadium in Buffalo, and at the alma mater of Surya Das, who was one of his attendants for several years. The American lama will also speak.

"Buddhism made me a mensch and brought me happiness," Surya Das concludes contentedly, "and helped me find my place in life and the universe."

¢Ã By Jane Lampman | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor


The Four Noble Truths

According to legend, about two and a half millennia ago in what is today southern Nepal, a restless nobleman, Siddhartha Gautama, abandoned his home and family to live as a wandering religious seeker. Six years later, he claimed to have attained liberation from suffering.

Tradition says that the first sermon of this nobleman – who became known as the Buddha, or the Awakened One – was delivered to five disciples in a deer park. It described the causes of suffering and the way in which it can be eliminated. These teachings, known as the Four Noble Truths, form the foundation of Buddhism:

1) To exist is to suffer.

2) Suffering is caused by an ignorant thirsting after things that are necessarily impermanent, including youth, good health, posessions, and even one's own life.

3) Those who cease thirsting after impermanent things will cease suffering. This state of cessation is called nirvana.

4) Nirvana can be attained by following the Noble Eightfold Path, a way of living that combines wisdom, nonviolence, and mental discipline.

Source: buddhanet.net

• Compiled by staff

[Source] The Christian Science Monitor http://www.csmonitor.com/ 09/14/2006

 
 
 

 
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Institute for Transformation of World and Christianity